salesforce有15billion unearned revenue, 因为是subscription based. 去年才12B. 我的理解是unearned 是money already received for future sales or services. 我觉得2020 2021年,很多企业都已经很难了,今年又多了这么多clients paying in advance, 算是一个挺好的moat。当然,最大的competitor是 Microsoft dynamics 你可以去算算, 我上次看才2% Microsoft revenue。但是政府,军队,国防,都选择了salesforce, safety and security 也算moat吧, 特别是cloud这种businessmodel,应该算是很重要一部分。goldman sachs 每个季度因为asset purchase, fcf 肯定很难算,也不准确,但是 cash 就是cash,公司只有cash和receivables, 直接算book value 就好了, 然后compare price to book valule. 然后画2条线,就可以看出价格一直trade around book value.