Week 7 (February 24 – March 2): Inductive Arguments
CONTENT: This week’s lectures will distinguish inductive arguments from deductive arguments and then discuss four common forms of inductive argument: generalizations from samples (such as in political polls), applications of generalizations to particular cases (such as in predicting weather on a certain day), inferences to the best explanation (such as in using evidence to determine who committed a crime), and arguments from analogy (such as in identifying the use of one archaeological artifact by comparing it to other artifacts). We will expose the most common mistakes in these kinds of reasoning. READING: Understanding Arguments, Ninth Edition, Chapters 8 and 9
Week 8 (March 3 – 9): Causal Reasoning
CONTENT: This week’s lectures will focus on how to decide what causes what. Students will learn how to distinguish necessary conditions from sufficient conditions and how to use data to determine what is and what is not a necessary condition or a sufficient condition. Then we will distinguish causation from correlation (or concomitant variation) and explain the fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc. READING: Understanding Arguments, Ninth Edition, Chapter 10
Week 9 (March 10 – 16): Chance and Choice
CONTENT: This week’s lectures will cover chance and choice. Students will learn about the nature and kinds of probability and four simple rules for calculating probabilities. An optional honors lecture will explain Bayes’ theorem. Next we will use probabilities to evaluate decisions by figuring their expected financial value and contrasting financial value with overall value. READING: Understanding Arguments, Ninth Edition, Chapters 11 and 12
QUIZ #3: At the end of Week 9, students will take their third quiz.