PS/套磁长文指导【非常精辟的总结！】 from Princeton ms/phd都适用

Graduate work is very different from undergraduate education, in that you will not be taking courses, but rather doing research in someone's lab for 5 years. This implies a very close intellectual relationship with a small group of people (the lab members) and an important and not-always-easy-to-navigate mentoring relationship with the professor.
研究生的工作与本科教育有很大的不同，你不会去上课，而是在别人的实验室里做5年的研究。这意味着与一小群人(实验室成员)之间的智力关系非常密切，与教授之间的指导关系也很重要，但并不总是那么容易驾驭。

For that reason, a large part of the application and selection process centers on finding a good fit rather than just how smart you are or what are your grades -- we often try to take into our labs people whose interests align with what we do. We also look for people who we get along with well, where the conversation flows, etc.
因此，大部分的申请和选拔过程都是围绕着找到一个合适的人选，而不仅仅是你有多聪明或者你的成绩有多好——我们经常试着找那些与我们的兴趣一致的人。我们也会寻找那些和我们相处得好的人，谈话的方向，等等。
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The former kind of fit (topic-wise or method-wise) is one you can and should address in your research statement -- what we want to hear is not how great your grades are (that has relatively little predictive power for how you will be as a researcher) but rather all about your past research experience (even if through coursework and papers that you have submitted -- anything that involved you independently researching a topic and answering a question), and what you want to do next.
前一种是你可以并且应该在你的研究报告中提到的，我们想要听到的不是你的成绩有多好(这对你将来如何成为一名研究人员没有多大的预测能力)，而是关于你过去的研究经历(即使是通过课程作业和你已经提交的论文——任何涉及到你独立研究一个主题和回答一个问题的事情)，以及你接下来想做什么。

This description does not have to be very detailed but speak about your past work in ways that show us your independent thinking, your ownership of the work. Basically, we want to know that you know what you are talking about, and it is not just that you blindly carried out what someone else told you to do. Then, when talking about what you want to do in the future, again, you don't have to be specific, but just saying "I am fascinated with the brain" does not demonstrate deep thinking. So try to show us that you have thought deeply about graduate school and why you are applying, that you have thought deeply about this particular school and why it is a good fit to your interests in general (see below). You will not be held strictly to what you write -- you are allowed to change your mind later, and we know it happens frequently. You are still young.
这个描述不需要很详细，但是可以告诉我们你过去的工作，让我们看到你的独立思考，你对工作的所有权。基本上，我们想知道你知道你在说什么，而不是盲目地执行别人告诉你的事情。然后，当谈论你将来想要做什么时，再次强调，你不必说得很具体，但是仅仅说“我对大脑很着迷”并不能说明你在深思熟虑。因此，请试着向我们表明，你对研究生院有深入的思考，你为什么要申请研究生院，你对这所特殊的学校有深入的思考，为什么它很符合你的总体兴趣(见下文)。你不会被严格限制在你所写的东西上——你可以在以后改变你的想法，我们知道这种情况经常发生。你还年轻。

One way to demonstrate the good fit is to mention in your statement of purpose professors that you would like to work with. By mentioning names you give us an idea of the areas you are interested in, in one short sentence. This is also very helpful to us, as we know who to ask to read your application. For this, you should look at websites of different faculty etc., to make your choice an informed one. At PNI, your application is to the whole program, not a specific lab, and you will get a chance to rotate in several labs before choosing which you want to join. So again, we won't hold you strictly to what you said in your application -- but still, it is helpful for us to know.
有一种方法可以证明你与教授的契合度，那就是在你的目标陈述中提到你希望与之共事的教授。通过提及名字，你可以用一句话告诉我们你感兴趣的领域。这对我们也很有帮助，因为我们知道谁来阅读你的申请。为此，你应该看看不同学院的网站等，使你的选择一个知情。在PNI，您的应用程序是针对整个程序的，而不是针对某个特定的实验室，在选择您想要加入哪个实验室之前，您将有机会在几个实验室中进行轮换。因此，我们不会严格要求您遵守您在申请中所说的内容——但是，了解这些信息对我们还是有帮助的。

For the latter kind of fit (personal fit), you should treat the interview process at schools not only as "they are interviewing me" but also you are interviewing them -- that is, be attentive to the environment, your interactions with the professor (do you "click"?) and ask other students about the lab atmosphere and the advisor (you can even contact lab alumni -- they are often mentioned on lab websites and you can email them your questions).
对于后一种契合度(个人契合度)，你不仅应该把学校的面试过程视为“他们在面试我”，而且你也在面试他们——也就是说，关注环境，你与教授的互动(你会“点击”吗?)，询问其他学生关于实验室氛围和导师(你甚至可以联系实验室校友——他们经常在实验室网站上被提及，你可以通过电子邮件向他们提问)。

Some of the fit (or lack thereof) you will just feel. Other things you can ask explicitly: how much time does the advisor spend with people in the lab? What is their mentoring style? Are they "hands-off"? Detail oriented? How much freedom do people in the lab have to pursue their own interests? There is no "right answer" here -- you may be looking for a very hands-on mentoring relationship and a lab where there is a project ready for you on day 1, or you might prefer to pursue your own research questions with less input from the advisor. Different people prefer different mentoring styles. It is also important to ask questions about the social atmosphere in the lab and the department -- 5 years is a long time, and science is hard, so a nourishing and supportive environment is important. If you are unsure about a lab and want more information than you feel that you got in the visit, email past lab members -- they have less at stake(as they will not be your colleagues), so they may be more open with you.
有些适合(或不适合)你只会感觉到。其他你可以明确问的问题:指导老师在实验室里与人相处的时间是多少?他们的指导风格是什么?他们是“不干涉”吗?注重细节吗?实验室里的人有多少自由去追求自己的兴趣?这里没有“正确的答案”——你可能正在寻找一种非常直接的指导关系和一个在第一天就为你准备好了项目的实验室，或者你可能更愿意在导师较少投入的情况下继续你自己的研究问题。不同的人喜欢不同的指导方式。问一些关于实验室和系里的社会氛围的问题也很重要——5年时间很长，科学很难，所以一个滋养和支持的环境很重要。如果你对某个实验室不确定，想要了解更多的信息，而不是你在参观过程中得到的信息，可以给过去的实验室成员发邮件——他们的利害关系较小(因为他们不是你的同事)，所以他们可能会对你更开放。

Note: Some people like to email professors they are interested in working with, to introduce themselves and make a connection. Some professors like this as they can make a short list of what applicants to seek out once all the applications are in, and they can tell some applicants that there is not a good fit, thereby saving them the effort (and money!) of applying. But other professors do not like this and may not even reply to such emails (don't take it personally!). So it is up to you whether you want to email people or not. In any case, if you do: 1) make sure your email is brief but has content. Don't just say "I looked up your site and I am really interested in your work" -- that generic message might as well have been sent by a bot to all the faculty in the department (you would be amazed how many such messages we get!), but write something that shows you are a person and you are genuinely interested in their research. 2) don't take it personally if you don't get a reply -- we are all overwhelmed with emails! It is not a sign of someone not wanting you in the lab.

注意:有些人喜欢给他们感兴趣的教授发电子邮件，介绍自己并建立联系。有些教授喜欢这样做，因为他们可以列出一份简短的申请人名单，一旦所有的申请都提交了，他们就可以告诉一些申请人没有合适的人选，从而节省了他们申请的努力(和金钱!)但其他教授不喜欢这样，甚至可能不回复这样的邮件(别往心里去!)。所以，是否给别人发邮件取决于你自己。在任何情况下，如果你这样做:1)确保你的电子邮件简短，但有内容。不要只是说“我看了你的网站,我很感兴趣你的工作——通用的消息也已经被机器人发送所有的教员部门(你会惊奇地发现很多这样的消息我们得到!),但写点东西,显示你是一个人,你是真诚的对他们的研究感兴趣。 2) 如果没收到回复，不要往心里去，我们都被电子邮件淹没了!这并不意味着有人不想让你进实验室。

Finally, if you read the above and think "hmm.. I don't have that kind of research experience," and/or "I don't actually know what I want to study at all.." then you might want to take time to acquire that experience and/or do that thinking. For the former, many go on to a full-time paid research assistant job after college, for 1-2 years. This is not only to gain knowledge and experience, but most importantly, to experience full-time research and what it entails, and make sure you really want to do that for the next 5-6 years! It is a hefty time commitment, and liking college does not mean you will like research. For the latter, you can read books, papers, etc.. try to think about what excites you. What stuff that you learned about in college really made your eyes sparkle.. what did you want to tell your roommates or friends and family about. Research is hard and you have to go through many failures for every one success, but it is all worth it if you are doing something you are very excited about. Otherwise, there are much better ways to spend your time...

最后，如果你读了上面的文章，然后想“嗯……“我没有研究经验，”或者“我根本不知道自己想学什么”，那么你可能需要花些时间来获得经验和/或进行思考。对于前者，许多人大学毕业后会去做全职的带薪研究助理工作，时间为1-2年。这不仅是为了获得知识和经验，更重要的是，为了体验全职研究和它所需要的，并确保你真的想要在未来5-6年做这个!这是一个巨大的时间承诺，喜欢大学并不意味着你会喜欢研究。对于后者，你可以阅读书籍、论文等。试着想想什么让你兴奋。你在大学里学的那些东西真的让你眼前一亮。你想告诉你的室友、朋友和家人什么?研究是困难的，每一次成功都要经历许多失败，但如果你正在做的事情让你非常兴奋，那么这一切都是值得的。否则，还有更好的方式来打发你的时间……

原文链接：https://pni.princeton.edu/gradua ... ing-graduate-school
翻译：有道
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