特朗普的“第三国”庇护限制政策被联邦法官驳回

这周二晚，华盛顿特区的一名联邦法官蒂莫西-凯利驳回了特朗普政府去年宣布的“第三国”庇护限制政策，该政策禁止了几乎所有中美洲移民和其他人在美国-墨西哥边境申请庇护。

特朗普政府在去年7月颁布了这个“第三国”庇护限制政策，它规定，如果移民在前往美国的途中经过第三国，且没有先在第三国寻求庇护，就没有资格在美国获得庇护。政府颁布这项庇护限制的理由是，借由法规和法院和解为移民儿童及其家庭提供的额外保护，中美洲家庭一直在利用美国移民系统，在移民案件缓慢推进的同时，通过申请庇护长年留在美国。政府颁布这项措施后，绕过了常规的评论期，直接实行了该措施。然而，这项庇护限制措施在这周二被法官蒂莫西-凯利驳回，蒂莫西-凯利宣布该政策无效的意见中写道，政府“非法颁布”该政策，违反了一项关于如何执行联邦政策的法律。该法官还拒绝了政府提出的暂停裁决以等待上诉的请求

自今年3月起，特朗普就依靠一项公共卫生法，以防止病毒传染为由，在美墨边境上将几乎所有移民拒之门外，而且不允许他们申请庇护。然而其实在这些公共卫生规则生效之前，特朗普的第三国庇护限制政策就已经有效地禁止了几乎所有（除墨西哥以外）的中美洲移民申请庇护资格，断绝了他们通过庇护寻求公民资格的道路。除了庇护外，中美洲和其他移民仍有资格获得一种较低形式的保护，即暂缓遣返，但他们必须通过更高的法律门槛才能赢得这种保护——而且他们在大流行期间不能申请。目前，还不清楚法官的这项裁决是否会在美国-墨西哥边境产生直接的实际影响。

A federal judge in Washington, D.C., struck down the Trump administration’s policy barring nearly all Central American migrants and others from applying for asylum at the U.S.-Mexico border. The policy, which made migrants ineligible for asylum if they passed through a third country en route to the U.S. and didn’t seek asylum there first, took effect in September with the Supreme Court’s initial permission while litigation over the new rules continued. In his opinion late Tuesday invalidating the policy, U.S. District Judge Timothy Kelly wrote that the administration had “unlawfully promulgated” it, violating a law governing how federal policies can be implemented. The administration issued its asylum restrictions last July, bypassing the regular comment period during which the public is allowed to read the rule and provide feedback before it takes effect. Judge Kelly, who was appointed by President Trump, wrote that the administration appeared to base its need for the policy almost entirely on a 2018 article in the Washington Post, which reported that more asylum-seeking families from Central America were crossing the southern border after the Trump administration was ordered to end its policy of separating families. The judge also denied the government’s request to stay the ruling pending an appeal.

The Trump administration has argued that because of rules and a court settlement providing extra protections for migrant children and families, Central American families have been taking advantage of the U.S. immigration system to remain in the country for years as their immigration cases proceed. It isn’t clear the ruling will have an immediate, practical impact at the border. Since March, Mr. Trump has relied on a public-health law to turn back nearly all migrants at the border, without allowing them to apply for asylum, to prevent the new coronavirus from entering the U.S. via Mexico.Even before those public-health rules took effect, the new asylum policy effectively barred all migrants, other than those from Mexico, from qualifying for asylum. Asylum provides a path to citizenship. Central American and other migrants still qualify for a lesser form of protection, known as withholding of removal, but they must clear a higher legal bar to win that protection—and they can’t apply for it during the pandemic.  source

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