2A：2A是宪法第二修正案（second amendment）的缩写，其全文为： “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”
知识点：
1. 宪法第二修正案没有给与我们持枪的权力，而是保障了一个本来就有的权力不受政府的侵犯
2. 宪法第二修正案保障了在美国境内所有人的“keep and bear arms”的权力，正如同宪法第一修正案一样保证了所有人的言论自由权力一样。
可以参考美国移民局的入籍考试题答案:
50. Name one right only for United States citizens.
▪ vote in a federal election
▪ run for federal office
51. What are two rights of everyone living in the United States?
▪ freedom of expression
▪ freedom of speech
▪ freedom of assembly
▪ freedom to petition the government
▪ freedom of religion
▪ the right to bear arms
在美国境内的每个人都有2A权力，根据第七巡回法庭的判决（United States v. Meza-Rodriguez），甚至非法移民也不例外，他们也是“the people”的一份子，同样享有除了竞选和投票以外所有的权力，所以不要再说F1，H1b没有2A权力了！
ATF：美国酒精，烟草，火器以及爆炸物管理局（Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives，简称ATF）是隶属于美国司法部，依据GCA枪支控制法进行执法的联邦机构，其以善于侵犯人们持枪的权力而闻名
注：2021年4月2日，Iowa州长Kim Reynolds正式签署了最新的枪支管控法案，该法案大大放松了Iowa的枪支管制，从2021年7月1日起，Iowa州将正式成为constitutional carry州的一员，这意味着在Iowa人们无需Permit to Carry即可公开/隐蔽携带枪支，购买手枪也不再需要permit to carry或者Permit to Acquire Weapons，但是拥有这两个Permit其中之一依然可以在购买枪支时免除背景调查的要求
Iowa是一个枪支管制非常宽松的州，同时拥有Castle doctrine（城堡法），Stand on your ground(坚守阵地)以及No duty to retreat(受到侵犯时无撤退义务)，关于持枪证（permit to carry，又称CCW）Iowa是一个Shall issue(必须发放)州，向21岁以上的居民发放（对非移民签证持有者一视同仁），在2021年7月1日之前，购买手枪需要拥有Permit to carry或Permit to Acquire Weapons，拥有这两个许可证买枪可以不需要进行背景调查，只需要填写4473表即可直接取枪，私人交易并不需要经过FFL（联邦火器执照持有者），但向禁止拥有枪支的人出售枪支是重罪。Iowa州没有弹匣容量限制，枪支没有注册要求
2. 根据Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act，拥有Iowa permit to carry可以免除联邦背景调查要求，在填写完4473表后即可提枪，是非移民签证持有者的福音，几乎所有的非移民签证持有者在买枪时都会被NICS背景调查delay（延迟），一般一天到一周不等，而拥有Permit to Carry可以很好的避免这个问题。即使碰到没给非移民外国人办过手续的店小二看到你有Permit to Carry也不会对你态度很差，相当于是告诉他你是可以合法持枪的人 https://www.atf.gov/rules-and-regulations/brady-law
3. Iowa的自我防卫
Iowa州即有“城堡法”，又有“坚守阵地法”。没有从事非法活动的人没有义务在使用正当武力之前从其合法所在的任何地方撤退。Iowa is a Castle Doctrine state as well as a “stand your ground” state. A person who is not engaged in illegal activity has no duty to retreat from any place where the person is lawfully present before using justified level of force.
这里附上一些资料供大家学习参考
a) 使用致命武力 Use of Deadly Force (为了避免翻译的歧义我使用英文原文):
A person is presumed to reasonably believe that deadly force is necessary to avoid injury or risk to one’s life or safety or the life or safety of another in either of the following circumstances:
The person against whom force is used is doing any of the following:
Unlawfully entered by force or stealth or entering by force or stealth the dwelling, place of business or employment, or occupied vehicle of the person using force;
Unlawfully removing or attempting to unlawfully remove another person against the other person’s will from the dwelling, place of business or employment, or occupied vehicle of the person using force.
B）保卫自己或他人 Defense of Self or Another
A person is justified in the use of reasonable force when the person reasonably believes that such force is necessary to defend oneself or another from any actual or imminent use of unlawful force.
A person who reasonably believes that a forcible felony is being or will imminently be perpetrated is justified in using reasonable force, including deadly force, against the perpetrator or perpetrators to prevent or terminate the perpetration of that felony.
更多内容可参考USCCA关于Iowa枪法的文章: https://www.usconcealedcarry.com ... ty_map/ia-gun-laws/
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