本帖最后由 zach 于 2011-5-2 21:44 编辑
.google и经常学学科普好有意思啊～又长见识了。
先科普感冒的传播方式：
People with colds are contagious during the first two to four days of the infection. Colds pass from person to person in several ways. When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, tiny fluid droplets containing the virus are expelled. If these are breathed in by other people, the virus may establish itself in their noses and airways..--
Colds may also be passed through direct contact. If a person with a cold touches his runny nose or watery eyes, then shakes hands with another person some of the virus is transferred to the uninfected person. If that person then touches his mouth, nose, or eyes, the virus is transferred to an environment where it can reproduce and cause a cold.
Finally, cold viruses can be spread through inanimate objects (door knobs, telephones, toys) that become contaminated with the virus. This is a common method of transmission in child care centers. If a child with a cold touches his runny nose, then plays with a toy, some of the virus may be transferred to the toy. When another child plays with the toy a short time later, he may pick up some of the virus on his hands. The second child then touches his contaminated hands to his eyes, nose, or mouth and transfers some of the cold virus to himself
可见，主要是靠鼻子、气管、眼睛、嘴巴接触病毒来传播的。
从第一段可知，只要你周围没有正处在第2-4天的感冒病人，你是不会得感冒的。（你会问，第一个感冒病人咋来的？这个……我也不知道……大气飘来的？但是现在可不是流感季节啊。所以大多数还是人人传播病毒）
或者接触过但是及时洗手或者没有被他的飞沫喷到鼻子眼睛嘴巴，那也不会得感冒。
或者接触过也没洗手但是没有用手碰过自己的鼻子眼睛嘴巴，也不会得感冒。. check 1point3acres for more.
所以，最好的预防感冒方式是避免接触，勤洗手。
..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold#Prevention
Exposure to cold temperatures and wet weather have been found to facilitate viral infection, explaining why colds and flu are more prevalent in winter outside of tropical areas.[37] Cold weather may make the mucous lining of the respiratory tract more sluggish, taking longer to sweep any inhaled virus particles away. This allows more time for the virus to establish infection and means an individual is infectious (exhaling virus particles) for longer. Wet weather seems to help the virus because certain levels of humidity affect the ease with which viral particles can be spread in the atmosphere. However, whilst it creates a better environment for the virus, cold weather itself does not directly cause colds[38] and neither is there evidence supporting the idea that cold or wet weather weakens the cells involved in the immune response.[37][39] Vitamin C is not effective for prevention of the common cold in the general population but may be effective in certain groups [40] such as those exposed to subarctic cold or intense physical activity.[41]
. check 1point3acres for more.
可以看出，冷或者潮湿（下雨）天确实会“facilitate”病毒的感染，因为在冷/潮湿的天气里，呼吸道黏膜会和病毒颗粒接触更长的时间。而且湿度高有助于病毒在大气中传播。 但是如前面所说，只要你保护好了自己的鼻子眼睛嘴巴，哪怕气温再低，你淋的再透，也不会有感冒发生。
wiki给出的参考文献38，即冷天气不会直接导致感冒： [38] Davidson, Tish, and Teresa G. Odle. "Common Cold." The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2006. pp. 955-959 （本书的权威性应该没有问题） 该书原文： Cold season in the United States begins in early autumn and extends through early spring. Although it is not true that getting wet or being in a draft causes a cold (a person has to come in contact with the virus to catch a cold), certain conditions may lead to increased susceptibility. These include:
fatigue and overwork
emotional stress
poor nutrition
smoking
living or working in crowded conditions
有图书馆权限的看这里： http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&isETOC=true&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=umuser&resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&contentSegment=&docId=GALE|CX3405600401
综上，预防方法应该是勤洗手，避免接触，避免劳累，避免情绪紧张，避免营养不良，避免抽烟，避免去人多的地方。 低温？被雨淋？问题不大，不要自己吓自己。短袖就短袖吧，伤的起。
附： 关于免疫反应，没有直接证据表明冷天气或者潮湿减弱了免疫系统的功能导致人更容易感染感冒病毒（反例是在加拿大或者阿拉斯加并不会因为冷就更容易得感冒。），参考文献37、39： [37] http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12808-cold-weather-really-does-spread-flu.html （这里面的免疫系统实验是用动物做的，不是用人做的。当然，人和动物并不一样……） [39] Wexler, Barbara. "Common Cold." The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, Vol. 1. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe. Detroit: Gale, 2006. pp. 613-617 （手头没有书，不知道原文是什么） http://www.everydayhealth.com/cold-and-flu/colds-and-the-weather.aspx
就算低温会降低免疫系统的能力，免疫系统和感冒的关系是——感冒症状是由免疫系统的免疫反应引起的。如果你的免疫系统很厉害，那感冒的病程会短一些，你会流更多的鼻涕。如果你的免疫系统功能被低温削弱了，那么你的病程会更长，而且容易引发中耳炎等并发症。
有趣的是。【37】和【39】确实提到了免疫功能不强容易被病毒感染（注意，和低温没关系），让病毒有可乘之机。不过讽刺的是，列在了alternative treatment里面。所谓alternative，替代疗法，就是不得到主流医学界承认的疗法。当然，你有质疑主流医学界相信顺势疗法的权利。 其实想想就知道了，病毒是感染的根本，而免疫系统不是。极端的说，如果没有病毒，那么再冷你也不会得感冒。如果到处都是病毒，你免疫能力再好也会得（只不过比免疫能力差的人好的快少一点并发症罢了）。 大家来看看alternative treatment里并列的有什么： Alternative practitioners emphasize that people get colds because their immune systems are weak. They point out that everyone is exposed to cold viruses, but not everyone gets every cold. The difference seems to be in the ability of the immune system to fight infection. Prevention focuses on strengthening the immune system by eating a healthy diet low in sugars and high in fresh fruits and vegetables, practicing meditation to reduce stress, and getting regular moderate exercise.
Once cold symptoms appear, some naturopathic practitioners believe the symptoms should be allowed to run their course without interference. Others suggest the following:
Inhaling a steaming mixture of lemon oil, thyme oil, eucalyptus, and tea tree oil (Melaleuca spp.). (Aromatherapy)
Gargling with a mixture of water, salt, and turmeric powder or astringents such as alum, sumac, sage, and bayberry to ease a sore throat. (Ayurvedic medicine). check 1point3acres for more.
Taking coneflower (Echinacea spp.) or goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Other useful herbs to reduce symptoms include yarrow (Achillea millefolium), eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis), garlic (Allium sativum), and onions (Allium cepa). (Herbal)
Microdoses of Viscue album, Natrum muriaticum, Allium cepa, or Nux vomica. (Homeopathy)
Taking yin chiao (sometimes transliterated as yinquiao) tablets that contain honeysuckle and forsythia when symptoms appear. Natural herb loquat syrup for cough and sinus congestion and Chinese ephedra (ma-huang) for runny nose. (Chinese traditional medicine)
The use of zinc lozenges every two hours along with high doses of vitamin C is suggested. Some practitioners also suggest eliminating dairy products for the duration of the cold. (Nutritional therapy).
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